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工作原理编辑
由一个中心有轴的光电码盘,其上有环形通、暗的刻线,
编码器(图5)
编码器(图5)
有光电发射和接收器件读取,获得四组正弦波信号组合成A、B、C、D,每个正弦波相差90度相位差(相对于一个周波为360度),将C、D信号反向,叠加在A、B两相上,可增强稳定信号;另每转输出一个Z相脉冲以代表零位参考位。
由于A、B两相相差90度,可通过比较A相在前还是B相在前,以判别编码器的正转与反转,通过零位脉冲,可获得编码器的零位参考位。编码器码盘的材料有玻璃、金属、塑料,玻璃码盘是在玻璃上沉积很薄的刻线,其热稳定性好,精度高,金属码盘直接以通和不通刻线,不易碎,但由于金属有一定的厚度,精度就有限制,其热稳定性就要比玻璃的差一个数量级,塑料码盘是经济型的,其成本低,但精度、热稳定性、寿命均要差一些。
分辨率—编码器以每旋转360度提供多少的通或暗刻线称为分辨率,也称解析分度、或直接称多少线,一般在每转分度5~10000线。
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编码器是一个机械与电子紧密结合的精密测量器件,将信号或数据进行编码、转换,用以通讯、传输和存储的信号数据。按照不同的特征,编码器分类情况如下:
码盘和码尺。直线位移转换成电信号的编码器称为码尺,角位移转换成电信的为码盘。
增量型编码器。提供位置、角度和圈数等信息,以每圈脉冲数定义分别率。
值型编码器。以角度增量的方式提供位置、角度和圈数等信息,每个角度增量赋予的编码。
混合式值编码器。混合式值编码器输出两组信息:一组信息用于检测磁极位置,带有信息功能;另一组则*同增量式编码器的输出信息。
增量式和式编码器的区别
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增量式编码器将位移转换成周期性电信号,电信号再转变成计数脉冲,脉冲的个数表示位移的大小;式编码器中,每一个位置对应一个确定的数字码,表示的值只与测量的起始和终止位置有关,而与测量的中间过程无关。
电机为何要安装编码器
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使用增量编码器时,位置是从零位标记开始计算的脉冲数量确定的,而值型编码器的位置是由输出代码的读数确定的。在一圈里,每个位置的输出代码的读数的; 因此,当电源断开时,型编码器并不与实际的位置分离。如果电源再次接通,那么位置读数仍是当前的、有效的。
编码器选型时应确定的参数
安装尺寸、出线方式及防护。包括两方面:定位止口、轴径、安装孔位、电缆出线方式。安装空间体积;工作环境防护等级是否满足要求。
分辨率。编码器工作时每圈输出的脉冲数。
编码器输出电气接口。常见的有推拉输出型、电压输出、集电极开路、线驱动输出型。其输出方式应和其控制系统的接口电路相匹配。
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电机常用的编码器
增量型编码器
直接利用光电转换原理输出三组方波脉冲A、B和Z相。A、B两组脉冲相位差90o,可方便地判断出旋转方向;Z相每转一个脉冲,用于基准点定位。其优点:原理构造简单,机械平均寿命可在几万小时以上,抗干扰能力强,可靠性高,适合于长距离传输。缺点:无法输出轴转动的位置信息。
值型编码器
直接输出数字量的传感器,传感器圆形码盘上沿径向有若干同心码道,每条道上由透光和不透光的扇形区相间组成,相邻码道的扇区数目是双倍关系,码盘上的码道数就是它的二进制数码的位数,在码盘的一侧是光源,另一侧对应每一码道有一光敏元件;当码盘处于不同位置时,各光敏元件根据受光照与否转换出相应的电平信号,形成二进制数。
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这种编码器的特点是不要计数器,在转轴的任意位置都可读出一个固定的与位置相对应的数字码。显然,码道越多,分辨率就越高,对于一个具有 N位二进制分辨率的编码器,其码盘必须有N条码道。目前国内已有16位的编码器产品。
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